Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha maitiro ekuita zvemabhatiri ekuchengetedza simbandiko kuita kwavo discharge performance. Kuti utarise maitiro ekubuda kwebhatiri pasi pemamiriro akasiyana, zvinodikanwa kuyera kubuda kwebhatiri curve, iyo inowanzova curve inoratidza shanduko yekubuda kwemagetsi nekufamba kwenguva. Mamiriro ekubuda akasiyana anoratidzirwa nemaitiro ekuburitsa, uye nzira dzakasiyana dzekuburitsa dzinozoita kuti pave nemhando dzakasiyana dzekuburitsa. Maitiro ekuburitsa anowanzo sanganisira nzira yekuburitsa, yekuburitsa ikozvino, yekumisa voltage, uye ambient tembiricha.
Discharge nzira
Pane nzira nhatu dzinogona kubuditsa bhatiri: kubuda nguva dzese, kuramba kubuda, uye kubuda kwemagetsi nguva dzose. Yakajairika discharge curves inoratidzwa muFigure 1-5, iyo inoratidzira shanduko yekuburitsa ikozvino, voltage, uye simba pamusoro penguva yekuburitsa pasi peaya matatu ekuburitsa modes.
Panguva yekuramba-kuramba kubuda, simba rebhatiri rinoshanda uye rinobuda zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. Saizvozvo, pasi pe-zvinobuda, simba rekushandisa rinodzikirawo sezvo kuburitsa kunoenderera mberi. Uku kuderera kwemagetsi ekushanda nekurebesa kubuda kwenguva kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwekupikisa kwemukati kwebheteri. Pamusoro pezvo, nekuwedzera kuri kuita simba rebhatiri mumidziyo yemagetsi, mota dzemagetsi, nemamwe maapplication,-kubuda kwemagetsi kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Panguva ye{{7}kubuda kwemagetsi nguva dzose, bhatiri rinoramba richidzikira apo kubuda kwemagetsi kunoramba kuchiwedzera sezvo kubuda kunoenderera mberi.
Discharge current
Panguva yekushanda kwebhatiri, ikozvino yainoburitsa inonzi discharge current. Ikozvino inobuda inowanzonziwo chiyero chekubuda, uye inowanzoratidzwa uchishandisa chiyero cheawa (inozivikanwawo seyero yeawa) uye muwedzere.
Chiyero chekubuda (discharge rate) zvinoreva mwero wekuti bhatiri rinobuda, rinoyerwa munguva yekubuda. Kunyanya, inguva inodiwa kuburitsa zvizere simba rebhatiri uchishandisa chaiyo yekuburitsa ikozvino, inowanzo ratidzwa mumaawa (h). Semuyenzaniso, kubhatiri rine huwandu hwakayerwa hwe10 amp-maawa (A·h), kana rikaraswa ne2A, muyero unofambirana wekubuda imaawa 5 (10A·h/2A=5h), zvichireva kuti bhatiri riri kupera nereti yemaawa mashanu.
Chiyero chekubuda (discharge rate) chinoreva kukosha kwazvino, kunoratidzwa sehuwandu hwekuyerwa kwebhatiri, kana huwandu hwebhatiri huzere hwaburitswa mukati menguva yakatarwa. Semuyenzaniso, 2C discharge inoreva kuti kubuda kwebhatiri kwakapetwa kaviri huwandu hwebhatiri, kazhinji inomiririrwa ne2C (apo C inomiririra huwandu hwebhatiri). Kune bhatiri rine chiyero che 10A · h, 2C discharge (pane dimensional nyaya pano, kureva, mayunitsi ehukuru uye azvino haana kufanana, asi iyi inowanzoshandiswa, saka haizoshandurwe) zvinoreva kubuda kwezvino i2 x 10=20 (A), zvinoenderana nechiyero chekubuda che0.5h. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana nemagadzirirwo emabhatiri ane kuchinjika kwakasiyana kumamiriro ekubuda: mamwe anonyatsokodzera kudzikira-ikozvino, asi mamwe anoita zvirinani pamhepo yakakwira. Kazhinji, kuburitsa mazinga ari pasi kana kuenzana ne0.5C anonzi mitengo yakaderera; idzo dziri pakati pe0.5C ne3.5C dzinonzi miyero yepakati; avo vari pakati pe3.5C ne7C vanonzi mitengo yepamusoro; uye idzo dzinodarika 7C dzinonzi ultra{20}high rates.
Termination voltage
Munguva yekubuda kwebhatiri, kukosha kwekutanga kwevoltage kunotsanangurwa seyakatanga kushanda voltage; kana voltage ichidonha kusvika pachikumbaridzo uko kumwe kubuda kusingachakodzeri, iyi voltage point inonzi termination voltage. Iko kukosha chaiko kweiyi voltage yekumisa kazhinji inoiswa nemuyedzi zvichibva pane chaiyo bvunzo zvinodiwa uye yapfuura ruzivo.
Iyo seti yekumisa voltage inosiyana zvichienderana neyakasiyana yekubuda mamiriro uye maitiro avo pahuwandu hwebhatiri uye hupenyu. Mavhiri ekudzimisa ari pasi anowanzo shandiswa munzvimbo dzakaderera-munzvimbo dzine tembiricha kana kuti dzakakwirira{{2}izvino zvino kubuda, ukuwo mavhiri ekugumira akakwirira achiwanzoiswa pasi-zvinobuda zvinoyerera. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti polarization pakati pemaelectrodhi ebhatiri inowedzera zvakanyanya panguva yakadzikira-tembiricha kana yakakwirira-inobuda parizvino, zvichikonzera kusashandiswa kwakakwana kwezvinhu zvinoshanda uye kudonha kwemagetsi nekukurumidza. Naizvozvo, kudzikisa zvakakodzera kumisa voltage kunobatsira kuburitsa simba rakawanda. Zvikasadaro, kana uchishandisa-zvinobuda zvakaderera, zvinhu zviri mubhatiri zvinoshandiswa zvizere. Muchiitiko ichi, kuwedzera magetsi ekumisa kudzikamisa kubuda kwakadzika kunogona kuwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri.
Ambient tembiricha
Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1-6, ambient tembiricha ine mhedzisiro yakakura pane yekuburitsa curve. Pakupisa kwepamusoro, jira rekubuda rinoratidza maitiro akapfava; zvisinei, sezvo tembiricha inoderera, kuchinja uku kunowedzera kuoma. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti pakudzika kwakadzika, chiyero chekufamba kweion chinoderera, zvichiita kuti kuwedzera kwe ohmic mukati mekudzivirira. Muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, kana tembiricha yakadzikira, iyo electrolyte inogona kuomesa chando, nokudaro zvichitadzisa kuyerera kwebhatiri. Uyezve, pakudzika kwekushisa, electrochemical polarization uye concentration polarization inokwidziridzwa nenzira imwecheteyo, ichiwedzera kukurumidza kuparara kwechivharo chekubuda.
Mufananidzo 1-6 Kuburitsa mabhatiri e-lead-asidhi macurves panguva dzakasiyana tembiricha
Kugona uye chaiyo kugona
Battery capacity inoreva huwandu hwemagetsi anogona kuwanikwa kubva mubhatiri mune mamwe mamiriro ekubuda. Chiyero chinowanzotaurwa se ampere-awa (Ah). Zvichienderana nemamiriro chaiwo, huwandu hwebhatiri hunogona kukamurwazve kuita theoretical kugona, huwandu chaihwo, uye yakayerwa huwandu.
Theoretical capacity (Co) inoreva huwandu hwemagetsi hunogona kupihwa pasi pemamiriro akanaka kana chinhu chinoshanda chatora chikamu zvizere mukuita kwe electrochemical yebhatiri. Ukoshi uhwu hunoverengerwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshanda, zvichitevera mutemo waFaraday. Mutemo waFaraday unotaura kuti kune hukama hwakananga hunoenderana pakati pehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinotora chikamu mukuita pa electrode uye mari yekubhadhara iyo inotamisa; apo 1 mol yezvinhu zvinoshanda inotora chikamu mu electrochemical process yebhatiri, inogona kuburitsa charge yakaenzana ne26.8 A·h kana 1 farad (F). Naizvozvo, inotevera calculation formula iripo:
Muchigadziro, m ndiyo uwandu hwechinhu chinoshanda kana ichiita zvakakwana; n nhamba yemaerekitironi yakawanikwa kana yakarasika panguva yekuyerera kwayo; uye M ndiyo molar mass yechinhu chinoshanda.
Mune fomula, K inodaidzwa kuti electrochemical yakaenzana nechinhu chinoshanda.
Sezvinoratidzwa muequation (1.5), iyo theoretical kugona ye electrode inoenderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshanda uye electrochemical yakaenzana. Nehuremu hwakafanana hwezvinhu zvinoshanda, diki iyo electrochemical yakaenzana, yakakura iyo theoretical kugona. Iyo electrochemical yakaenzana yezvimwe zvinhu zve electrode zvinoratidzwa muTafura 1-3.
Tafura 1-3 Electrochemical Equivalents yezvimwe Electrode Materials
| Negative Electrode Material | Density (g/cm³) | Chaiyo Kukwanisa (mA·h/g) | Positive Electrode Material | Density (g/cm³) | Chaiyo Kukwanisa (mA·h/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H₂ | - | 0.037 | O₂ | - | 0.30 |
| Li | 0.534 | 0.259 | SOCl₂ | 1.63 | 2.22 |
| Mg | 0.74 | 0.454 | AgO | 7.4 | 2.31 |
| Al | 2.699 | 0.335 | SO₂ | 1.37 | 2.38 |
| Fe | 7.85 | 1.04 | MnO₂ | 5.0 | 3.24 |
| Zn | 7.1 | 1.22 | NiOOH | 7.4 | 3.42 |
| Cd | 8.65 | 2.10 | Ag₂O | 7.1 | 4.33 |
| (Li)Cl₂ | 2.25 | 2.68 | PbO₂ | 9.3 | 4.45 |
| Pb | 11.34 | 3.87 | I₂ | 4.94 | 4.73 |
Pamusoro pezvo, pfungwa dzesimba chairo uye chiyero chakayerwa chinowanzoshandiswa. Actual capacity inoreva huwandu hwemagetsi hunogona kupihwa nebhatiri pasi pemamiriro chaiwo ekubuda. Chaiyo simba inoganhurwa kwete chete neiyo theoretical yepamusoro kukosha asiwo neiyo chaiyo yekuburitsa mamiriro.
Yakatemerwa huwandu, kune rumwe rutivi, inoenderana yakatarwa yebhatiri panguva yekugadzira uye kugadzira maitiro; ndiko kuti, huwandu hushoma hwekubuda hunofanirwa kuwanikwa nebhatiri pasi pemamiriro akatarwa ekubuda, anozivikanwawo sezita rekuti.
Kana tichienzanisa marudzi akasiyana emabhatiri mukati mechikamu chimwe chete, huwandu hwakasiyana hunowanzo shandiswa pakuongorora. Kunyanya, huwandu hwemagetsi hunoreva huwandu hwemagetsi bhatiri rinogona kupa pachiyero cheuniti kana vhoriyamu, kureva, hukuru hwakati hukuru (Ah/kg) uye volumetric chaiyo chiyero (Ah/L). Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti kana uchiverenga huwandu uye huwandu hwebhatiri, kunze kwekufunga nezve electrode zvinhu uye electrolyte, zvimwe zvikamu zvebhatiri zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa, senge casing, separator, uye zvine chekuita conductive components. Kunyanya ekuchengetedza mabhatiri uye masero emafuta, huwandu hwakazara uye vhoriyamu inosanganisira zvese zvinodiwa zvekubatsira, senge matangi ekuchengetera zvinwiwa, activation midziyo (yemabhatiri ekuchengetera), kana anoshanda ekuchengetedza zvinhu uye masisitimu ekupa, masisitimu ekudzora, mayuniti ekudziya, nezvimwewo (yemafuta masero).
Nekuunza pfungwa yehumwe hunyanzvi, tinogona kuenzanisa kuita kwemabhatiri emhando dzakasiyana uye saizi. Battery simba rakakamurwa kuva theoretical kugona uye chaiyo kugona; zvimwechetezvo, simba chairo rinewo dzidziso uye chaiwo maficha.
Simba uye simba chairo
Simba rebhatiri rinoreva simba rese remagetsi rinobuda nebhatiri paunenge uchishanda pasi pemamiriro ekunze ekubuda, kazhinji anoburitswa mumawatt-maawa (W·h). Simba rebhatiri rinewo simba rekufungidzira uye simba chairo.
Tichifunga kuti bhatiri rinoramba riri muhupamhi panguva yekubuda uye simba rekuburitsa rinogara rakaenzana nesimba rayo remagetsi, uye tichifunga kuti zvese zvinoshanda zvinotora chikamu mukuita kwemakemikari, ipapo simba rinopihwa nebhatiri rinofanira kuenzana neiyo theoretical maximum energy Wo.
Simba rebhatiri ndiro rinonyanya kushanda-risiri vhoriyamu rinoitwa nebhatiri pasi petembiricha isingachinjiki, kudzvanywa, uye kuburitswa kunodzokororwa.
Simba chairo (W) rinoreva simba rinopihwa nebhatiri mune mamwe mamiriro ekubuda. Inotorwa nenhamba nekuwedzera huwandu chaihwo neavhareji yekushandisa voltage. Nekuda kwekuti zvinhu zvinoshanda zviri mukati mebhatiri hazvigone kushandiswa zvizere, uye simba rekushandisa rayo rinowanzo kuderera pane theoretical electromotive simba, simba chairo rinogara riri shoma pane theoretical simba.
Simba chairo rinoreva simba rinoburitswa nebhatiri pachiyero cheyuniti kana vhoriyamu. Simba rinobuda payuniti yehuremu hwebhatiri rinotsanangurwa sesimba rinoenderana nehukuru, rinowanzoyerwa nemawatt-maawa pakirogiramu (Wh/kg). Simba rinobuda pavhoriyamu yebhatiri rinotsanangurwa sevolumetric chaiyo simba, rinowanzoratidzwa mumawatt-maawa parita (Wh/L). Uyezve, iyo pfungwa yesimba chairo inogona kupatsanurwa zvakare kuita theoretical (W) uye chaiyo (W), uko theoretical mass yakananga simba inogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa equation (1.9):
Muchidimbu, K+ ndiyo electrochemical yakaenzana neiyo yakanaka electrode zvinhu; K- ndeye electrochemical yakaenzana neiyo negative electrode material; uye E ndiyo bhatiri electromotive simba.
Simba uye simba chairo
Simba rebhatiri rinoreva kubuda kwesimba kwebhatiri pachikamu chenguva pasi pemamiriro ekubuda chaiwo, uye chikamu chayo chekuyera iwatt (W) kana kilowatt (kW). Kana iri simba rekubuda richitariswa maererano nehukuru hwebhatiri kana vhoriyamu, pfungwa yesimba chairo inowanikwa. Kunyanya, simba rakasiyana-siyana rinoyera kuti mawati mangani emagetsi anogona kupa unit mass yebhatiri, uye chikwata chayo iW/kg; nepo volumetric chaiyo simba rinoratidza simba rinogadzirwa neyuniti vhoriyamu yebhatiri, uye inowirirana unit iW/L.
Simba uye simba chairo rinoratidza kuyerera kwebhatiri. Simba rebhatiri repamusoro zvinoreva kuti bhatiri rinogona kubuda nepamusoro-soro kana mitengo yakakwira. Semuyenzaniso, zinc-bhatiri resilver rinogona kuwana simba rinopfuura 100 W/kg parinobuditsa zviri pakati nepakati, richiratidza kuderera kwemukati uye kushanda kwakanaka kwepamusoro-kubuda. Kusiyana neizvi, zinc-manganese dry cell bhatiri rinokwanisa chete kuwana rimwe simba re10 W/kg kana richishanda pamwero wakadzikira, zvichiratidza kusavirika kwemukati uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwe-kubuda kwemvura. Zvakafanana nesimba rebhatiri, simba rinewo simba rekufungidzira uye simba chairo.
Theoretical simba rebhatiri rinogona kuratidzwa se:
Mune fomula, t inguva; Co ndiyo theoretical kugona kwebhatiri; uye ini ndiri ikozvino.
Simba chairo rebhatiri rinofanira kuva:
Mune formula, I2R inomiririra simba rinoshandiswa nebhatiri remukati mekudzivirira. Iri simba haribatsiri kumutoro wakaiswa; inonyanya kushandurwa kuita simba rekupisa uye inosunungurwa sekupisa.
Cycle life
Kune mabhatiri, hupenyu hwekutenderera, kana kutenderera kwekushandisa, chimwe chezviratidzo zvakakosha zvekuongorora kushanda kwebhatiri. Kuchaja yega yega-kubuda kwebhatiri kunoonekwa senguva yebhatiri.
Pasi pemamiriro ekuchajisa-kubuda, huwandu hwemabhatiri aunogona kumira nawo simba raro risati radzika kune imwe kukosha kunotsanangurwa sehupenyu hwaro kana mashandisiro aro. Iyo yakareba hupenyu hwekutenderera, zvirinani kuita kwebhatiri kutenderera.Marudzi akasiyana emabhatiri anoratidza hupenyu hwakasiyana hwekutenderera; semuenzaniso, nickel-mabhatiri ecadmium anogona kuwana zviuru zvemacycles, ukuwo zinc{4}}silver mabhatiri aine mashoma, mamwe asingasviki zana. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyange mabhatiri emhando imwe chete anogona kuva nehupenyu hwakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwekusiyana kwemaitiro avo emukati.
Hupenyu hwekutenderera kwebhatiri hunokanganiswa nemhando dzakasiyana siyana. Pamusoro pekushandisa kwakaringana nekugadzirisa, zvinotevera zvakakosha zvinhu zvinoshandawo: ① Panguva yekuchaja{1}}kutenderera kutenderera, nzvimbo yepasi yezvinhu inoshanda inodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekushanda ikozvino density uye yakawedzera polarization; ② Zvinhu zvinoshanda pama electrode zvinogona kubvisa kana kutamisa; ③ Panguva yekushanda kwebhatiri, zvimwe zvinhu zve electrode zvinogona kusvibiswa; ④ Dendrites akaumbwa pamagetsi panguva yebhasikoro anogona kukonzera mapfupi maseketi mukati mebhatiri; ⑤ Muparadzi anogona kukuvara; ⑥ The crystal morphology yezvinhu zvinoshanda zvinoshanduka panguva inodzokororwa kuchaja-kutenderera, zvichidzikisira kuita kwayo.
Kuchengeta kuita
Kuchengeta bhatiri kunoreva mwero wekurasikirwa kwesimba mukati mebhatiri kana iri munzvimbo yakashama-yedunhu pasi pemamiriro ekunze (sekupisa nehunyoro). Chiitiko ichi chinozivikanwawo sekuzvibvisa-. Kana chikamu chekurasikirwa kwesimba panguva yekuchengetedza chiri chidiki, zvinoratidza kuti bhatiri ine yakanakisa kuchengetedza kuita.
Kana bhatiri rakavhurika{{0}sedunhu, nyangwe risiri kupa simba remagetsi kunze, rinongozvipedza{1} Chiitiko ichi chinonyanya kukonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwe thermodynamic kwema electrode munzvimbo ye electrolyte, zvichiita kuti pave nezvinongoerekana zvaitika redox maitiro pakati pemagetsi. Kunyangwe pasi pakaoma, kana chisimbiso chisina kusimba zvakakwana, kupinda kwezvinhu zvekunze zvakaita semhepo kana hunyoro zvinogona kukonzera kuzviburitsa mukati mebhatiri.
The self discharge rate inogonawo kuratidzwa senhamba yemazuva anotora kuti simba rebhatiri ridzikire kusvika pamutengo wakatarwa kana rachengetwa, rinozivikanwa sesherufu life.Pane dry sherefu yehupenyu uye kunyorova pasherufu. Semuenzaniso, bhatiri rekuchengetedza, pasina kuwedzera electrolyte isati yashandiswa, inogona kuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba; bhatiri rakadaro rinogona kuva nehupenyu hwakareba hwakaoma. Kuchengetedza ne electrolyte kunonzi kuchengetwa kwemvura; kuchengetedzwa kwakanyorova kunoguma nekusimba kwakasimba-kuzviburitsa uye hupenyu hupfupi hupfupi. Semuyenzaniso, zinc-bhatiri resirivheri rinokwanisa kuoma pasherefu yemakore 5–8, ukuwo kunyorova kwaro kunogara mwedzi mishoma chete.